Education Is the Only Key of Life for Turkish Women Essay

Education right, right to vote and stand for election are basic rights of humanbeings and the elements of democracy. These rights are essential to prove the existence of a person in society. Altough, these rights were given to Turkish women before many western countries, Turkey fell behind in applying and improving these rights. In many parts of Turkey, women are not allowed to use their rights and it is still debated that should women have job, should they get education and basically, how women should live. Even if, there are many dissenting opinions about if women should be educated or not, Turkish women should be educated to be able to get their economic freedom and be aware of their rights.. Being able to make own decisions, living independent is crucial necessity for people and having economic freedom is the first step to be independent. However, in Turkey, either women are not allowed to work or they prefer to be housewifes. When they are not married, they live with their families and they depend on them, after they marry, they are dependent on their husbands. Either way, they never live their life the way they want to and they are content with what they have. In Turkey, if a woman works, she is accused of not being good mother or wife. Yet, on the contrary, if woman work, she feels herself productive, effective, social and only then,she gains self-confidence. Meghan O’Rourke says, â€Å"Only by working, can women can have a fully â€Å"flourishing† life† As she says, only a working woman gets whatever she wants and so, she becames more beneficial for her families. Also, if women work, she supports family financially and it brings to having high life standards. However, in patriarchal societies, being independent women mostly causes problems in family. Times of India’s IDiva research shows that, The survey of over 24,000 adults in 23 countries, conducted by Reuters/Ipsos and released on the eve of International Women’s Day, showed that people from India (54 percent), Turkey (52 percent), Japan (48 percent), China, Russia, Hungary (34 percent each) and South Korea (33 percent) were most likely to agree that women should not work. 52 percent women in Turkey think that women’s place is at home because, women and man not equal in working arena. When women work, she is still charged of house chores and these chores take a lot of time, besides these chores women have to take care of children. So, it is really hard to carry out all together these works and when women cannot balance house work and job, man began to complain. These complaints are another reason for women’s stress therefore, women are fed up with everything and they give up their job. If they do not, it causes serious damages in family, and if women insist to continue her job, it even may leads to divorce. So, many women have to give up their job fort he sake of family. Another reason why women should get education is that education brings women awareness, only an educated women can be aware of her rights. Being aware of rights is important for women because, women are exposed to violence, rape. Also, they are forced to marry when they are children and in Turkey, man can have a second wife and women are forced to live together. According to KSGM’s research, 39 percent of Turkish women are exposed to violonce by their husbands and 48. 5 percent women cannot tell anyone about violance that they are exposed. Women are ashamed of being subjected violance and also, due to they afraid of their husband, they do not tell anyone. Mostly, they cannot tell because they depend on their husband and their families usually do not protect them†¦ After violance, one of the biggest problem in Turkey is child brides. Especially in east of Turkey, little girls are forced to marry a man who is older than them for Money. According to surveys, â€Å"Turkey has one of the highest rates of juvenile marriages in the world† ( Tokyay). Also, the survey points out that, in Turkey there are 28 percent of child brides, and 41 percent of this is unofficial religious marriages. Tokyay). To challenge with these injustice, cruelty, and oppression they have to get education because if they get education, they become independent and aware of their rights therefore, they do not have to yield man anymore. They can sue their husband, their families that commit violance or force to marry and they can defend themselves. In a patriarchal society like Turkey, woman who are aware, and protect her own rights, is thought as insolet versus man and she is accused of losing femininity. In this type society, there are certain roles for man and women. Man are charged with taking care of his family, protecting his wife. As to women, â€Å" their main preoccupation, fostered by parents and educators alike, is â€Å" the pursuit of a wedding ring. † As one editor put it, college for women was the â€Å" world’s best marriage mart. † † (reed 4) They are raised to be perfect wifes who respect, trust, yield to their husbands. It does not matter how she is smart or successful, marriage is the only aim. If she does not have good marriage, she thinks that she is inadequate. Therefore, men see women as their properties. So, when a woman defends herself, resists again her husband, man takes this as disrespectfulness and disobedience. Not just man, also society think that if woman is smart and she has job, if she can live herself without man supporting, she is tought that she loses her femininity. â€Å" Collage girls, terrified lest they lose their â€Å"femininity† through any display of brains or serious study, learn to camouflage their intellegence or obediently empty their minds altogether ( Reed 3). They avoid to show their intellegence and talents because they are not supposed to think, they supposed to toe the line by told their husband or families. substaining and extending this redirection of women are the powerful moulders of public opinion: editors and writers of slick magazines for women, newspaper columnists, TV shows, movies, popular novels, pulps, and aii the rest. Indiously and unremittingly they warn women that even yearning to Express their intellects and talents would be â€Å" heavily paid for† by the loss of their â€Å"femeninity†Ã¢â‚¬  ( Reed 5). In All soap operas, all women magazines there are subtitles that manupulate women to stay at home and to be good wife. They teach them how they can make merry their husband or what they sould do to not lose their husband. Because all women should live for their husband, children and all they should think to protect this joyful life. So, if women put herself with brains and qualifications, it makes her unfeminine and not to proper for marry. To conclude, women should get education in order to be stronger, to be independent, to stand on her own legs. In patriarchal societies like Turkey, women should not yield to rules, traditions, on the contrary, they try to change society perspective because women shape the whole society.. As Mustafa Kemal Ataturk says, â€Å"Insan toplulugu kad? n ve erkek denilen iki cins insandan olusur. Kabil midir bu kutlenin bir parcas? n? ilerletelim, otekini ihmal edelim de kutlenin butunu ilerleyebilsin? Mumkun mudur ki bir cismin yar? s? topraga bagl? kald? kca, oteki yar? s? goklere yukselebilsin ? †. society will progress, upgrade as long as women have a real sense of community. Finally, first and foremost a woman should get education for herself if she wants to make her life meaningful. otherwise, she will be nothing but man’s slave.

Prisons Make Criminals Worse Essay

Prisons make criminals worse, and should be abolished The modern prison system was developed in the 19th century. The system had three basic aims: to isolate, punish and reform the inmates. However, in the last twenty years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of prisoners and prisons have come to be commonly criticized for being â€Å"universities of crime†. This essay attempts to evaluate the effectiveness of prisons, whether they actually make criminals worse, or whether they offer a chance at betterment. This part of the essay deals with the advantages of the prison system. There are three apparent beneï ¬ ts to putting convicts into prisons. First, they provide punishment by deprivation of their freedom. Second, the offenders are segregated from the rest of the society and so cannot re-offend. And third, they are given the possibility to take part in various training programmes, which gives them the chance to reform. However, there are a number of drawbacks as well. First of all, prisons appear to be failing in the 21st century. Secondly, the prison population is rising steadily in many countries and at the same time many prisoners return to prison. Thirdly, few prisons are actually able to offer effective reform programmes. And ï ¬ nally, prison conditions are often brutal and degrading. To sum up, even though there are all these serious disadvantages in the whole system, the pros outweigh the cons, as it would seem unimaginable living in a society in which people with criminal record mingle with those who do not have it, and are thus in direct danger of encountering the convicts. It would appear that the solution to the problem is not the question of whether prisons should be abolished or should be here to stay, but rather how to make the whole system more effective. One such way could be the attempt to come up with ideas that would directly improve the current state of things for instance thinking about where and how to obtain more money to spend on the training  systems, or run prevention projects that are targeted not at prisoners themselves, but at people who live in problematic areas and are thus at risk of becoming criminals.

Two topic Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two topic - Research Paper Example Various professionals have delved into the major elements that paved the way for diverse organizations to excel among the rest. According to Greenberg (2006), diversity is defined as â€Å"the variety of differences between people in an organization†¦Diversity encompasses race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organizational function, education, background and more† (par. 1). In a related literature, Esty, Griffin & Schorr-Hirsh (1995) cited Green, Lopez, Wysocki & Kepner (2009) as providing an appropriate definition of the term by indicating that diversity is â€Å"acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status† (Esty, et al., 1995, par. 4). The definitions emphasize the encouragement and acceptance of people from an array of backgrounds dee med to provide instrumental benefits for the intricate needs of organizations. As averred by DiTomaso (1999), several factors contribute to diversity in the workplace, to wit: â€Å"(a) the changing demographic structure of the U.S., (b) the increased importance of globalization to profits and long-term survival in many companies, and (c) changes in the structure of how work gets done† (DiTomaso, 1999, p. 1). Due to the variety of influencing elements that interplay, organizational leaders recognize the need to manage diversity to ensure that it works towards the achievement of organizational goals. Managing a diverse workforce should encompass effectively integrating managerial functions in terms of planning, organizing, directing and controlling diversity in the organizational setting. B. Examples of Current Applications Contemporary successful organizations have attested the incorporation of diversity in their organizational policies. From among the most prominent and acti ve in its implementation and application of diversity is Walmart. The official website of Walmart boasts of methods that â€Å"implement initiatives to attract and retain a diverse workforce, including recruiting from colleges and universities with large multicultural populations. We also provide associates with on-the-job training, leadership seminars, and direct access to job opportunities through our Career Preference System† (Walmart: Diversity, par. 2). The personnel profile of Walmart reveals that â€Å"more than 850,000 of our associates are female and make up 59 percent of our U.S. workforce. 35 percent of our associates are minority: 249,000 African Americans, 171,000 Hispanics, 42,000 Asian Americans, 6,000 Pacific Islander Americans, 15,000 American Indian and Alaska Natives, and 430,000 associates 50 and over† (Walmart: Diversity Report, 2009). Another corporation that actively applies diversity in their organization is HSBC that â€Å"invites, embraces an d manages difference in the changing workforce to gain the best from its people and to provide the best service to its customers. It encourages the breaking down of barriers of the past to look at things in a new way, to find effective business and customer solutions. In such organizations diversity is regarded as a competitive differentiator, in both employment and customer

Macroeconomic in the US Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Macroeconomic in the US - Assignment Example At the moment, one of the major economic issues that the United States economy is facing is an increasing number of unemployed individuals. Though there have been some improvements in creating more jobs, the unemployment rate remains high in the United States. For the last ten years, the United States unemployment statistics have revealed that the unemployment rate is still high. In a significant part of 2003, the unemployment level was below 6 percent. Throughout 2004, the unemployment level was still below 6 percent (Gliksberg, 2013). After the fiscal crisis in 2008, the unemployment level increased severely making many Americans to be jobless. As stated by the United States Bureau of Statistics, the unemployment level was 7.3 percent in November. Due to this, necessary policies need to be adopted so that to bring the unemployment level to sustainable levels. There are different macroeconomic solutions that may assist in helping solve the present unemployment issue in the United States economy. These solutions are both monetary and fiscal policies, which help in maintaining the stability of the economy (Li, 2013). As the present level of unemployment is essentially recurring, it is vital to consider executing expansionary monetary and fiscal policies. An expansionary financial policy may be implemented correctly by taxation, government purchases and also transfer payments. The United States government needs to increase its spending on healthcare and infrastructure. For example, when roads are built, there will be a high demand for materials. This will create jobs for engineers, drivers among other individuals. When taxation is reduced by the government, there will be an increase in disposable income for households. This is reflected directly by increased consumption and will lead to a demand increase (Li, 2013). In meeting this demand in crease, firms will be needed to employ more workers, therefore, reducing the unemployment

Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information - Essay Example One reason, the focus of my speech today, is the special protection that baseball (Major League Baseball) has been afforded by Congress. This protection comes in the form of antitrust law and, to a significant extant, insulates owners and other interested stakeholders from competition within the baseball industry. As an initial matter, it is important to define what is meant by antitrust law, a topic frequently foreign to baseball aficionados. Antitrust law is an umbrella designation that includes a number of laws dealing with fair competition; more specifically, because America deems itself a free market capitalist economy, there exist a number of laws designed to prevent such things as monopolies and unfair methods of competition. Strangely enough, baseball has for quite some time been exempt from a number of antitrust laws. As stated by Bartee, â€Å"professional sports are a textbook example of a bilateral cartel made up of club owners and unionized players engaged in intrastate and interstate commerce. The club owners exercise monopoly power in the product market† (2008: n.p.). Baseball, like steel or agriculture in certain respects, is a protected industry. It is not a monopoly per se but a competitive cartel in which owners compete with the unionized players. We read all of the time about competition between owners and players. There are disagreements about such things as free agency, salary caps, and collective bargaining agreements. The irony is that while the owners and the players often trade accusations about the other using unfair methods or misleading financial formulas the truth is that both reap the rewards of a non-competitive industry because of the antitrust exemption granted to Major League Baseball by the United States Congress. In addition, in a 1972 case called Kuhn v. Flood and decided by the United States Supreme Court, it was also decided that â€Å"baseball and its reserve system are also exempt from state antitrust

Self Evaluation Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Self Evaluation - Personal Statement Example Moreover, daily newspapers and magazines contain news and articles about people from all over the world indicating people’s culture across the globe. Internet Internet is the best and fastest source of any type of information across the globe. Just a single query in search engines can give you an insight into any type of culture in a few seconds. Satellite Channels Satellite channels all over the world can be seen in one country. Dramas, cooking show, news channels, and documentary programs on channels such as national geographic, animal planet, discovery etc. help you increase your cultural knowledge. People Interaction The more you interact with people of different cultures, the more knowledge you gain about their traditions, religious activities, habits, language etc. Whether you are living with them or working with people of diverse cultures, you gain sufficient information about their culture with the passage of time. 2. How would you handle a management issue in your   organization that stems from a cultural dispute? As the time is moving towards making this place a global village, people from third world countries are moving towards progressed countries in search of a better job and better future. This results not only in providing sufficient workforce to such countries but also results in the formation of organizations with people belonging to different cultures and traditions. To manage the workforce in such an organization is a very challenging task as it requires you to get sufficient information about all people’s cultures and traditions. If a management issue arises in an organization because of the cultural differences, it should be handled carefully. Whenever a worker joins the company, he should be informed about the general rules and policies of the company. Moreover, the manager should have knowledge about the person’s culture that would help deal with him in the future. Now whenever a problem arises due to cultural dispu te, the manager should first analyze that he should provide the solution that does not conflict with the company’s policies. For example, if a company has a certain policy for giving no more than a one day leave near the project’s deadline then the manager cannot give an employee more than one holiday. The manager should find out a solution that is based on justice. He should consider cultures of both parties and take their opinions separately. In the end, he should design a solution that is a medium way between the both party’s opinions and should be justified. 3. Should the same rules and policies apply the same to  all people in a multinational, or should culture be taken into account when applying policies? The differences in the backgrounds can be problematic if you completely ignore people’s cultural values and traditions. Now the question arises whether the same policies should be applied to all people or should cultural diversity be taken into c onsideration? The answer is to choose the medium way. As far as performance and work is concerned, same policies should be designed for everyone. For example, dishonesty or shirking from work will result in punishment from the company’s side to every worker. Also, same rules of yearly leave will be applied to everyone. However, cultural differen

Vegetarianism and Its Various Benefits Research Paper

Vegetarianism and Its Various Benefits - Research Paper Example People may also turn vegetarian since they feel that human beings are supposed to eat food that is obtained only from plant sources. Vegetarianism can also be manifested in different forms and degrees with some people deciding to be extreme followers and some deciding against it. With the increase in the number of vegetarians in the world, there are sects even within vegetarians. There are some who eat eggs and dairy products and others who avoid them. They are classified into lacto-vegetarians, ovo-vegetarians, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, vegans and so on and so forth (Vegetarianism, n.d.). These categories prove the importance that people assign to the constituents of their diet in a world comprising people who are increasingly conscious of their appearances and their health. In many industrial countries this may be a survival tactic to gain more immunity against the pollution that is prevalent in these countries. In others, it may be a means of gaining protein from certain sources whil e remaining faithful to their religious practices. Anyhow, these sects within the larger group of vegetarians prove how strong the overall movement against what they perceive as cruelty to animals is. In some cases, religious beliefs can be the root cause of vegetarianism and in such instances, people start attaching great value to their vegetarianism as it is a symbol of their culture. Especially in communities that consist of immigrants, vegetarianism can be a strong reminder of the culture of the homeland and may be held on to with great strength. This can be seen in the Jain communities of the United States of America. Originally from the Indian subcontinent, the people belonging to the Jain community are mostly lacto-vegetarians and they believe in not inflicting violence upon animals. This is a part of the larger theories of nonviolence that were propounded by the founder of Jainism, Mahavir (Mehta, n.d.). The importance of vegetarian diets is significant in the cultures of Ja inism and some sects of Jains even wear cloth masks so as to not accidentally inhale insects and cause harm to them. The conflict between different cultures that believe in vegetarianism and non-vegetarianism as parts of their religion creates problems for many nations. In multicultural and multi-religious societies across the world, such problems keep surfacing. In such a scenario, it becomes important for one to analyze the position of vegetarianism in the world and whether it would not be beneficial to adopt vegetarianism as a whole. This discussion is at a hypothetical level as people are free to choose the food of their choice unless of course, there are instructions from the state to the contrary. This paper shall look at the benefits of vegetarianism for human beings at an individual level and also for the environment. It shall speak of the different positive effects that vegetarianism ahs on the human body. It shall also discuss the negative effects that the meat industry ha s on the environment and the flora of a nation. The conservation of the environment would receive a boost if the presence of the meat-production centers in the world would decrease. Vegetarian diets often have the ability to provide the body with substances that would enable it to detoxify itself. The presence of various kinds of vitamins and minerals in these diets, absent from meat-only diets, helps the body to purify itself of the toxic substances that may be

Communication 101 PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Communication 101 - PowerPoint Presentation Example People like to do many things: eat chocolate or ice-cream, ski, go hiking, fish, play football, climb rocks etc. Many activities, which people enjoy, may lead to health problems, injuries, other negative consequences. Everything can be dangerous, but people continue doing things, getting satisfaction from the process of doing. Thus, smoking is the same thing. People enjoy it, get satisfaction from smoking, and are not eager to give up this habit, just because someone thinks that it is bad and harms them. Smoking is a good way to relieve ones stress. Smoking a cigarette helps a person to feel relaxed, abstract away from problems, think about the problem while smoking, get energy to start working on the problem. Nicotine helps the brain to produce norepinephrine and beta-endorphin. These chemicals make an individual feel better and raise his mood ("A Guide To Remaining Smoke Free"). One of the pros for smoking is that it helps a person to start a conversation and make new friends. Every smoker can ask another person, if he has a cigarette or a lighter. This question is a usual one, and is not considered to be rude or inappropriate. People, who smoke together, are distracted from their problems, and tend to find common topics for conversation more often than those, who just stay in one place. Seeing, that a stranger smokes too, means that you and him already have something in common, which unconsciously makes us like the person. Thus, a cigarette becomes a bond between smokers and helps people to get new friends. Many smokers state, that they fill more concentrated after smoking a cigarette. The process of smoking helps them to calm down, think over the issue, and start working on it right away. The medical research proves the smokers statements. Nicotine helps to reduce anxiety and distraction, and has the same effect as some of the medicine, which is used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity

Primary Research on an Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Primary Research on an Advertisement - Essay Example Not only was the advertisement hilarious but it also generated positive applause from the millions of football fans, especially in Africa. Clearly, the creators of this advertisement were innovative enough to acknowledge that football can be used to create attractive appeals to consumers through relating it with refreshing moments. While millions of viewers were united by football, the Coca-Cola Company identified this as a perfect opportunity to establish long lasting appeals of its Coke product to the football fans. This paper seeks to analyze the different ways in which Coca-Cola Company presented its intended appeals on football viewers, specifically the youth age group (between 18 and 30 years.) The advertisement is divided into five-screen sections of different settings: the old timer, the worrier, the show off, the admirers, and the die-hards. The advertisement begins with screens of football fans in different locations who are watching football matches. Some of the viewers are refreshing their throats with a Coke soda in the different locations. The next screen focuses on an old man who cannot sit down due to the excitement arousal caused by drinking Coke. Although he has poor vision to follow up the football match, he is keen enough to notice and celebrate a goal. The advertisement then shifts to a football fan who has actively chewed his football gloves due to the anxiety caused by watching a game filled with suspense. A woman appears, and hands him two bottles of Coke, which seem to offer him a sense of relaxation. Another screenshot appears where a girl seems to be celebrating that her team won, only to be informed by a man drinking Coke that the match is at half tim e. The next screen focuses on three chefs in the kitchen who are keenly concentrating on a football match while drinking coke. They seem to have forgotten about their occupational responsibilities; food seems to be burning in the background and

Epic Party Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Epic Party - Essay Example lan for a "School for the Art of the Theatre," sponsored by his admirers Yeats and Pound, he toyed with the idea that the school would "produce ONLY Hamlet" (although in so varied and imaginative a way that the production "will be able to be visited many times without the audience being able to say we have seen it before"). The play was to be repeated, with a difference, over and over again. World War I put an end to these plans; the space was requisitioned for another purpose, and the model stages dismantled. 35 This left the Kessler Hamlet, the Cranach Press Hamlet, as the only form in which Craig would realize his ideal "production" of the play. Craigs drawings for Stanislavski had included his famous "black figures," cutout characters in dramatic poses, included in photographs as three-dimensional cardboard or wooden miniatures, designed to communicate with the actors for the Moscow Hamlet. 36 Intrigued by the black figures, which looked uncannily like woodcuts, Count Harry Kessler, who had long been his patron and promoter in Germany, proposed that Craig might illustrate something for the Cranach Press: perhaps Antony and Cleopatra, or  Miltons Comus. To which Craig is said to have replied that they might as well do Hamlet.† (Easton, L.M.) The birthday present for Milton will be the DVD of a movie titled The Devil’s Advocate (1997) and the reason for chosen present is the relevance of this movie with that of Milton’s epic ‘Paradise Lost’.

Trait Theory Essay Example for Free

Trait Theory Essay As I began the process of preparing for this week’s assignments and I noticed that a great deal of emphasis was being put on personality trait testing, I have to say I was a little bit nervous as I have never really put much stock into those particular types of tests being very accurate. But after reading chapters 7 and 8 in our text Personality: Theory and Research, the article on Gordon Allport, and most specifically taking the self monitoring test myself and comparing the results given to what I already believed to be true about myself, I now have a better understanding about how these tests, along with an ability to gauge and monitor consistent patterns of behavior, feelings and thought (Cervone Pervin, 2013, p. 232) can be a valuable tool in not only a scientific setting but in gaining self awareness. I am writing this paper as a means of sharing my insights about personality trait theories as well as how these theories might help an individual gain insight into their relationships with themselves and others. I will also discuss the relationship between personality trait theories, psychoanalytic and humanistic theories and which of these are more effective in explaining human behavior. One of the largest insights I have gained through my research this week is the knowledge of the beliefs of Gordon Allport. His suggestion that the individual self is composed of the aspects that humans feel are the most essential interests me (Boeree, 2006). By breaking down those aspects into seven separate functions, which include, sense of body, self-identity, self-esteem, self-extension, self-image, rational coping, and propriate striving (Boeree, 2006), Allport developed a means to better explain where human motives derive from. As we attempt to gain a firmer grasp on our ability to improve our relationships with friends, family and the people we interact with on a daily basis, as well as a better understanding of our own personality strengths and weaknesses, we gain needed insight by studying personality trait theories. This gives us a better understanding of important areas that are key to healthy relationships. Two of those areas are communications and expectations. What we expect to receive from our relationships with others and how we communicate those expectations are vital in determining whether those relationships flourish or not. Our personality type has a great impact on both of those areas so it is important to be aware of our traits, what to build on, and what to work on letting go of. One of the main differences between the personality trait theories and the other theories we have studied thus far, such as psychoanalytic and humanistic theories, is that the personality trait theory approach individual’s differences. Trait theory seems to be more focused on measuring an individual’s personality characteristics and less focused on generalized behavior on average. I believe that the trait theory falls short of the humanistic theory in many ways, but in particular, it doesn’t seem to give as good a glimpse into how we develop the most basic of our personality traits. It also lacks in its ability to be as accurate a predictor of future behavior. In my opinion, trait theory seems to be more of a tool to put a name on certain aspects of our personality, while the humanistic theory gives us a better understanding of our personality. In conclusion, I hope that I have included in this paper a thorough description of the information I have gained through my excursion through this week’s learning resources. My goal was to give you my opinion on the differences between trait theory and the other personality theories we have studied and how important it is to be able to not only learn as much as we can about why we act the way we do, but to learn how to react differently in the future. I now believe that, through better understanding of the many different theories discussed in this course and not developing and one tracked mind, this can be accomplished. References: Cervone, D., Pervin, L.A. (2013). Personality: Theory and research (12th Ed.). Hoboken, NJ. John Wiley Sons, Inc. Boeree, C.G. (2013). Personality theories: Gordon Allport. Retrieved September 22, 2013 from http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/allport.html

Joe’s Fly-By-Night Oil Company Essay Example for Free

Joe’s Fly-By-Night Oil Company Essay †¢ Prepare a ratio analysis for the fiscal year ended Dec 31, 2012. Organize your analysis per the following outline: (1) Liquidity Current ratio: 25,000/17,000=1.47% Quick ratio: 25,000-17,000/17,000=25,000 Comments on liquidity- The results cant really determine how well or bad the company is doing until you compare it to another company. This ratio helps show the ability to pay off short term obligations as they are due. (2) Asset management Total Asset turnover: 10,000/40,000=.25 Average collection period (ACP): 10,000/365=27 3,000/27=111 days Comments on asset management- Each $1 of asset is producing . 25 in sales. Using assest utilization shows why one firm turns over assests more rapied than another. Average collection period states that it’s taking the customer around 111days to pay off their bills. This indicates how long sales stay on companys books. (3) Debt management Debt ratio: 20,000/40,000=50% Times interest earned: 3,000/200=15 times Comments on debt management- Times interest earned shows the number of times that income before interest and taxes covers the interest obligation . The higher the ration the stronger the interest paying ability of the firm . (4) Profitability Net profit margin:1800/10,000= 18% -Return on Assets (ROA): 1800/40,000= 4.5% -Return on Equity (ROE): 1800/20,000= 9.0% Extended Du Pont equation: .25x.18-0.045(4.5%) Comments on profitability to include your comments on the sources of ROE revealed by the Du Pont equation These types of ratios indicate if the firm is making any money, and how much in relation to whats invested. They also give you an indication of how the firm is doing in controlling its costs. Net profit margin sales minus all expenses, including interest and taxes . So the net profit margin ratio measures the proportion of each sale dollar that remains after all expenses are paid for . Joes is at 18% . The ROA should be compared to past years ROA to determine wheather it is good or bad. The ROE is the bottome line which can be compared to other investments and see where they are. It evaluates the return the firm produces. The Du Point equation allows you to understand the source of return but it need to be compared to a similar industry to see truly where the company is. (5) Market value ratios PE ratio: Market price of company stock /earnings per share of stock 50.00/1.80=27.7 Market to book ratio: Share price of stock/book value per share To get the book value per share you take total equity /common shares outstanding 20,000/1,000=20 then you take share price /book value per share 1.80/20=.09 Comments on the market value ratios The M/B ratio gives you an indication of the value of a firm’s intangible non-listed assests. These numbers help you get an idea what it will cost you to get $1 of the firms assets. Stock’s market price represents how much investors are willing to pay today for that claim. I the M/B ratio is higher than 1.0 therefore , you can say that the value of the equity claim has gone up. If you look at the M/B ratio for Joe’s the equity claim has gone up since its at 27.2. For the purposes of this exercise, assume the following data for Joe’s Fly-By-Night Oil: Stock price on Dec 31, 2012†¦$50.00 Number of common shares outstanding on Dec 31, 20121,000

Length of Pelvetia Canaliculata on Upper Shore Zone

Length of Pelvetia Canaliculata on Upper Shore Zone ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to compare the length of Pelvetia canaliculata on the upper shore zone of both wave-sheltered and wave-exposed shores. The hypothesis was that the Pelvetia fronds growing on the upper shore zone of a wave-sheltered rocky shore will be significantly longer compared with fronds growing on the upper shore zone of a wave-exposed rocky shore. The lengths of 450 fronds in total were sampled using systematic continuous horizontal belt transect sampling method at a wave- exposed and wave-sheltered shores on the Pembrokeshire coast. The results showed that there was a significant difference in the lengths of the seaweed with longer fronds being found in the wave-sheltered rocky shore. This is happening because there is less wave exposure and so fronds are less likely to be broken off at the tips and hence they will be longer. INTRODUCTION Rocky shores are areas of bedrock exposed between the extreme high and extreme low tide levels on the seashore. The ecosystem is complex, as it is an interaction between terrestrial and aquatic systems. Plants and animals are distributed on the shore in horizontal zones that relate to the tolerance of the species to either exposure to air or submergence in water during the tidal cycle. This zonation can be very clear and abrupt. Using this fact, I have clearly identified the area Pelvetia canaliculata is found; the upper shore. [1]  ­I have researched this zone in more depth to be able to understand the conditions, the problems and the different variables that can affect Pelvetia canaliculata and the adaptations it developed to survive and thrive. As the tide level drops on the upper shore, the seaweed will be exposed to air and desiccation (drying out) occurs as a result. Because the tide rises up and down twice a day organisms at the top of the shore get much less water than ones at the bottom. Across a year, the top of the upper zone gets covered by the sea for less than 1% of the year while The bottom of it for about 20% of the year. This is very short time to obtain nutrients from the water for photosynthesis, and can therefore slow growth rate. However, this is not the only problem as the water filters off some of the wavelengths of light and reduce its intensity and so lowering photosynthesis rate. In addition, the water is the main medium where dispersal of spores happens; spending less time in the water means low productivity. [2] Species on the Upper shore get subjected to a wide variation in temperature. Immersion in water buffers against temperature change due to the high specific heat capacity of water. Upper shore species will have to tolerate the greatest variation in temperature whilst it has least effect in the lower shore. High temperatures will increase the risk of desiccation and increases salinity in pools. [3] The other major physical factor that controls what can live on a shore is wave action. Exposed shores have a lot of wave action and sheltered shores have little. Seaweeds find the drier, brighter, wave exposed environment very difficult to cope with. Sheltered shores [4] Exposed shores [4] Usually face away from the open sea and the prevailing wind. This means they generally have smaller waves than exposed shores which face out into the open sea and the prevailing wind. Sheltered shores are usually on north to north easterly facing shores. North facing sheltered shores get less sunlight than exposed ones, and are less susceptible to desiccation and in general are more hospitable places for inter-tidal organisms. Usually face into the open sea and the prevailing wind. This means they generally have bigger waves than sheltered shores. Exposed shores are usually on south to south westerly facing shores. South to south westerly facing exposed shores get more sunlight than sheltered ones, are more susceptible to desiccation and in general are not hospitable places for most inter-tidal organisms. Now that I explained the features of the upper shore zone and the exposed and sheltered shores I will describe the features and the different adaptations that enabled Pelvetia canaliculata to live in such a habitat and constantly changing environment. Taxon English equivalent or translation [3] Phylum Chromophycota /Brown seaweeds e.g. kelps wracks Class Phaeophyceae /Brown seaweeds e.g. kelps wracks Order Fucales/ Fucoids e.g. wracks Family Fucaceae Genus Pelvetia Species canaliculata Pelvetia canaliculata is dark olive green in colour, becoming black and brittle as the fronds dry out. P.canaliculata lives for about 4 years and grows up to 150 mm long [3]. The fronds are curled longitudinally forming channels that are dichotomously branched ending in swollen and granular reproductive bodies. They dont have air bladders or mid-ribs. Pelvetia canaliculata [3]Pelvetia canaliculata grows attached to hard substrata using their holdfast; this has the mechanical features of a root system that would be beneficial for the seaweed, holding them steady no matter how turbulent the water movement. It tolerates ultra sheltered to moderately exposed conditions. The algae P.canaliculata is limited from living higher on the shore by desiccation, but is prevented from colonizing lower levels by competition from other species of algae. Seaweeds also have to cope with grazing pressure from mobile gastropods. [5] Over the period of neap tides, the plants may lose up to 65 per cent of their contained water and become dry and blackened. But when the spring tides extend over them, water is absorbed and the normal olive-green colour and softer texture are regained. It has been estimated that the upper shore plants are exposed for 90% of the year. [6] In water, seaweed obtain the carbon they need for photosynthesis from dissolved co2 or bicarbonate (HCO3-). When exposed to air, photosynthesis can only take place with uptake of CO2 from air. As long as the seaweeds do not dry out, many species photosynthesize in air at rates similar to those measured when they are fully submerged. However, as they begin to dry out, their ability to photosynthesize diminishes. Pelvetia canaliculata is found high on the shores and is prone to drying out for long periods of time. The species can photosynthesise when exposed to air but may suffer nutrient stress as it can only obtain nutrients when submerged. Researche rs found that within less than a day of being back in seawater, as specimen that had been desiccated for 6 days was able to resume full rates of photosynthesis. In fact P.Canaliculata requires periods of exposure to the air. If it is submerged for more than 6 hours out of 12 it actually starts to decay. This is a rare example of a seaweed species in which periods out of water are absolutely essential. [7] An increase in wave exposure and water flow rate may cause Pelvetia canaliculata to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with plants attached may be mobilised. It is unlikely that any Pelvetia canaliculata will live in areas of very high wave exposure. In faster moving water the risk of the fronds tearing will increase because of the increased drag. Hence Pelvetia canaliculata adapts its shape to reduce drag depending on their location. Pelvetia fronds growing on wave-exposed shores are shorter and thinner because the fronds are frequently broken off at the tip. Pelvetia canaliculata has many adaptations that allow it to survive better in the upper shore compared to algae living down. They have; rolled fronds to reduce water loss in evaporation, channels to trap water in the frond, a fatty (oily) layer over the cell that stops water evaporating to slow desiccation, a thick cell wall which shrinks with drying, the ability to survive low nutrient level, a rapid recovery of metabolism when the tide returns during respiration and photosynthesis. It is therefore, a very stress-tolerant alga, well adapted to the niche at the top of the shore. [2] Based on the information I researched in the introduction I will investigate and compare the adaptations of Pelvetia canaliculata on two different sites where the conditions are different. I will compare the lengths of the fronds of Pelvetia canaliculata on a wave-sheltered rocky shore and a wave-exposed rocky shore. EXPERIMENTAL HYPOTHESIS: There will be a statistically significant difference between the length of the Pelvetia canaliculata growing on the upper shore zone of both a wave-exposed and a wave-sheltered rocky shore; and that its fronds are going to be on average longer in the wave-sheltered shore compared with the wave-exposed rocky shore as there is less wave exposure and so fronds are less likely to be broken off at the tips and hence they will be longer. NULL HYPOTHESIS: There will be no statistically significant difference between the length of the Pelvetia canaliculata growing on the upper shore zone of both a wave-sheltered and wave-exposed rocky shores .Any difference however, will be due to chance factors. VARIABLES: The table below lists and briefly explains the variables that could affect the reliability of the investigation and how they will be controlled. Exposure (independent) An exposed shore means larger fetch hence greater wave action which leads to the damage of the Pelvetia canaliculata fronds I will be carrying out the investigation in areas classified by the Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale to be wave-sheltered and wave-exposed. For the wave-sheltered shore I will collect my data at Angle Point site, SM 875 033 which is a wave sheltered rocky shore inside the Milford Haven estuary, Angle Point is 12km north-west of Pembroke. Facing north-east, the shore is sheltered from the prevailing south-westerly winds and has a small fetch. The Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale classifies this site as Grade7- very sheltered. For the wave-exposed shore I will collect my data at West Angle Bay, SM 852 032 which is a wave exposed rocky shore on the Atlantic coast of Pembrokeshire and lies 14km north-west of Pembroke. Facing south the shore has a large fetch (to south America). The Ballantines biologically defined exposure scale classifies this site as Grade3- exposed. Length of Pelvetia canaliculata (dependent) There are some variables that would affect the growth rate of the fronds and therefore its length. Some of these variables include The height on shore, wave action, and the abiotic and biotic factors. All the effects of these variables are explained below. I will be measuring all my samples on both shores in mm using the same 30 cm ruler. The height on shore From my research I know that Pelvetia canaliculata only colonises the upper shore zone. However, the abiotic factors will affect the different zones on the upper shore differently for example the effect of wave action on the lower part of the upper shore zone is different than that on the higher part of the upper shore zone. Also the water coverage in the lower part of the upper shore is 19% more than the higher part. Hence, there will be more nutrition uptake, resulting in different growth rates. I will be measuring both samples on both shores horizontally across the upper shore zone using horizontal continuous belt transect technique. To ensure that Im working on the same height I will be using a cross staff. Wave action The strong force produced by the powerful wave action will decrease the fronds growth rate. The fronds will adapt by becoming shorter so that the drag force is lessened. I cannot control any of the abiotic factors but I will measure them to see if they have any affect on the samples I will be measuring on the two different sites. However, I will take both my samples on the same periods of the day, on the same season and on the same shore area Humidity Wind spray increases the humidity, this will be higher on the wave-exposed because of the greater and higher wave action Light intensity Needed for photosynthesis. Although the Pelvetia canaliculata requires to be immersed in seawater for this to occur, the process still takes place slowly in air. Wind speed Wind increases the rate of transpiration as it moves the layer of water out side the stomata, which contributes towards the desiccation of the fronds. Rock gradient The steeper the rock the harder the wave will hit it causing greater damage for the fronds. Also a flatter shore will expose a greater area of substrate for colonizing and will not drain as fast as a steeper slope. Aspect It is the direction the rock faces. South facing shores will have more illumination and warmth, but dries faster; north facing shores are cooler, darker and less likely to dry out. Thus, on a north facing slope community bands of Pelvetia canaliculata will be wider and higher up the shore. Substrate or rock type The hardness and size of rocks will influence an organisms ability to attach itself. Soft rocks will not be suitable for hold fast to attach on. If stones are too small they will be mobile, moving around in the surf and so prevent any organism from attaching itself to the rock. The type of rocks on both sites should be the same. Apparatus and  Justification 30 cm ruler To measure the length of the frond on the Pelvetia canaliculata. From my research I found that the fronds average height is 15 cm, hence I chose 30 cm ruler. 1/4m quadrat I think that this is a suitable size to measure a sample of small organism, as it will include an appropriate number of Pelvetia bunches. The quadrat will be used to carry out the continuous horizontal belt transect. 0.6m Cross staff To make sure that all the data collected on both sites are gathered at the same height, so ensuring a fair test. Pencil To record the data with. Its useful incase it rains, my data will be safe and the values will not get lost Calculator To keep calculating the running mean Water proofs For safety reasons and for protection from wind chill and spray. The Wellingtons boots to avoid slipping and falling. Gloves To protect hands from the mucus layer on the Pelvetia canaliculata To calculate the height of the data collecting area the time of the low tide and its height is needed: On Monday 25/09/06 the low tide is 1.1m at 14:42; and on Tuesday 26/09/06 the low tide is 1.28m at 15:10. ETHICAL CONSIDERSTION: Consideration has to be given to the organisms living on the shore; so the seaweed will be measured where it lies without cutting or destroying the living specimens. Care will also be taken to move around the shore without stepping on delicate sea life such as snails and crabs. Also if any animals living on the seaweed like snails are removed so that the seaweed could be measured ensure that they are released close to their point of capture and in a manner that will give them a good chance of survival. Finally ensure that you know the local regulations concerning the protection of habitats and endangered species and always obtain the consent of licensing authorities, landowners, etc. PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION: Preliminary work was done as a group to learn about the different shore zones as well as the different species that are found in each zone and the adaptation they developed to survive at extreme conditions like desiccation for instance. Also before carrying out the full investigation a pilot study was conducted on any random 10 Pelvetia bunches to find out the best way to measure their length and to determine which branch of the frond to use when measuring. From the preliminary investigation I found out that I would be measuring the longest branch of the longest frond of each pelvetia bunch. I will also be placing the end of the ruler on the ground where the Pelvetias hold fast is found. Finally, Ill also make sure to keep it vertical all time to ensure a fair test. [Figure 3] First of all, check the time of the day when the low tide occurs and its height above chart datum. The help of a friend who has the same height as you is needed for this part in the method. At the time of the low tide, stand at the lowest part of the lower shore where the tide is at its lowest and place the cross staff on the ground in a way that you are facing one of its sides and the other side is facing the upper shore direction where the Pelvetia canaliculata grow (data collecting area) [figure 1]. Lower your body so that your eyes are level with the opening in the cross staff. On the mirror observe the reflection of the small tube that is filled with coloured liquid which contains a small bubble and two marked lines in the middle of the tube. [Figure 2] Supporting the body of the cross staff with one hand and moving the flexible plastic part up and down, adjust the position of the bubble so it stays still between the two marked lines on the tube. Instruct and direct y our friend to move around until you can see her/his boot through the opening in the cross staff. Ensure that she/he does not walk backwards as the shore is very slippery because of the mucus on the algae and the small pebbles and rocks makes it very easy to fall down. When you are able to see the boot, ask your friend to stop and not move from that point. Now stand up and walk up to your friend with your cross staff. Place the cross staff on their boot position, after she/he move their boot. This is the new spot. Repeat the above procedure until you reach the upper part of the upper shore where Pelvetia canaliculata grows (data collecting area). [Figure 3] Every time you move up with the cross staff to a new spot, you are gaining 0.6 m in height. Keep recording and adding the height gain every time you changed to a new spot. At the end add the total height gain in meters to the height of the low tide; the result will be the height of the data collecting area. When you reach the upper shore where the Pelvetia canaliculata is, place the 1/4m quadrat on the first area where they are seen. To avoid bias start measuring to the nearest mm the length of the longest frond of each bunch found within the whole quadrat starting from the right hand side and then moving across to avoid measuring the same bunch more than once. [Figure 4] The Pelvetia canaliculata fronds grow in bunches where each bunch is attached by one holdfast to a rock. The fronds lay on top of each other in the sea direction. So when you start measuring, position yourself on the opposite direction to the Pelvetias. [Figure 5] After putting your gloves on, start by gently gathering a bunch of Pelvetia canaliculata up right; make sure that all the fronds in this bunch spring from the same hold fast. Also as a control make sure that the bunch is attached to a substrate and not in a rock pool. Keep your face at distance as there will be small flying organisms and always try to minimis e the disturbance to other organisms that live there as much as possible. Now slide the hand that is holding the Pelvetia bunch up, so that all the fronds are laid up against each other. [Figure 6] Now it is easy to determine the longest frond; with the free hand, hold the tip of the longest frond and leave the rest of the fronds to fall down towards you or in the opposite direction of the sea, so that you do not measure this bunch again. Still holding up the longest frond, line up the 30 cm ruler against the frond with the free hand. Make sure that the ruler is parallel to the frond with the 0 mm edge resting flat on the rock to ensure correct and accurate measurement. [Figure 7] The ruler used should be plastic with a smooth base and not metal so it does not cut through the fragile fronds or get rusty, it is also easier to read off measurements as it is see through. Now read the length of the frond and record it to the nearest mm in the prepared recording table. Place the results and the calculator inside a plastic bag incase of a bad weather. Place the frond with the rest of the bunch in your direction Do not include pieces of debris, or any seaweed merely unattached to a rock in the investigation as this will lead to misleading results. Also do not measure dead fronds as they will cause anomalies in your data. These fronds are usually desiccated and very brittle; their colour is black instead of the olive green. Ask a teacher or an expert to confirm. Measure all the Pelvetia canaliculata on the sides of the rocks and all the ones that have their hold fast within the quadrat even if all or some of the fronds are outside, as the quadrat frame is relatively thick so it might cover some of the Pelvetia canaliculata fronds. Rock pools provide artificial environments, and so do not included these areas in the investigation. After you finish measuring all the Pelvetia bunches within the first quadrat, flip it to start on a new one. This is systematic continuous horizontal belt transect sampling. When flipping the quadrat use your hand to secure the right/left hand side of the frame-depending on where more of the Pelvetia is found- and then flip the left hand side of it so it becomes the right hand side now. [Figure 8] Every time you record 5 new measurements, calculate the running mean to see if the sample size is large enough. When you get at least three consecutive running mean values which are the same to 2 decimal places, calculate  ± 2.5% value of the repeated value and then double the sample number. If the running mean continues within the range until the last required sample then stop. However, if it goes outside the confidence limits calculate a new range. Abiotic factors method: Wind speed measured using an anemometer: Hold it facing the wind. Wait for 20 seconds until the reading stabilises. Record the average measurement in m/sec. Humidity measured using a whirling hygrometer: whirl the hygrometer for 20 seconds. Record the temperature of both the wet and dry thermometer. Use the chart to work out the humidity percentage. Temperature measured using a thermometer: record the temperature of the dry thermometer when using the whirling hygrometer. The statistical test I will be using the z-test to test for statistically significant difference between the sample mean and the population mean for both the wave-sheltered and wave-exposed sets of data. The reason this test is used and not the t-test is because my sample exceeded 30 data points. Z= (S1)2 + (S2)2 a) Square both standard deviation Wave-Sheltered Wave-exposed 24.48 ² =599.2704 14.99 ² =224.7001 b) Divide each answer by n=225 599.2704 à · 225 = 2.66342 224.7001 à · 225 =0.998667111 c) add both values obtained from step (b) 2.66342 + 0.998667111 =3.662091111 d) square root result obtained from step (c) à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡ 3.662091111 =1.91365909 e) |à Ã‚ ¥1 à Ã‚ ¥2| Mean of site 1 mean of site 2 104.06 35.71 = 68.35 f) divide result obtained from step (e) by result obtained from step (d) 68.35 à · 1.91365909 z= 35.72 z= 35.72 When Degrees of freedom = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¾: Level of significance P= 0.05, the Critical value =1.960 Z > critical value 35.72>1.960 The reason p=0.05 was used is because it is the standard level of significance used to justify a claim of a statistically significant effect. In the curve of normal distribution of a normal population Alpha level is 95% and this is normal, outside of that is 1-alpha or 5%. This 5% (0.05) means, that normal falls within this range, beyond that, would be too rare to be by chance alone and must be by the effect of something wave action for example. A p value As my results were significant at p Level of significance P= 0.01, the Critical value =2.576 Z > critical value 35.72>2.576 The z value obtained is significantly greater than the critical value at the p Graphs are presented in the next couple of pages. ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION: The results tables and the graph comparing the mean length of Pelvetia canaliculata between the wave-sheltered and the wave-exposed shores clearly display evidence supporting the hypothesis. Looking at the mean graph I could evidently see that the sheltered shore has a higher mean than the exposed shore; more than 2.9 times higher to be exact. This is because in faster moving, turbulent water and strong wave action like in the wave-exposed shore, the risk of tearing fronds is increased due to the increase in dragging force. Pelvetia canaliculata adapt its shape to reduce drag depending on its location. Fronds found at wave exposed shores are shorter and narrower as they are frequently broken off at the tips. The error bars for both shores are fairly large which indicates that there is quite a lot of variation in the results and so reduces the reliability of the data. Similarly the difference between the standard deviation of both sets of data is rather large, with 24.48mm for the sheltered shore and 14.99mm for the exposed shore. Even though this shows a great range in my data hence more variability and less reliability, still as it applies to both data sets, making comparisons should be safe. The frequency histograms for both shores shows that the data collected at the wave-sheltered site is more varied than the exposed site as it is spread over 13 categories as opposed to only 9 for the exposed shore. The frequency histogram for the sheltered shore shows a bell curve pattern, displaying a normal distribution with the peak at the 80.00-89.99mm category. On the other hand the wave-exposed histogram displays a positive skew as most of the data is lying to the right hand side with the most common length of Pelvetia is within the classes 20.00-29.99mm. The skew could have occurred because I found great difficulty measuring the very small frond of Pelvetia growing on the wave-exposed shore, and so not including them in the results. Also an increase in water flow rate cause plants to be torn off the substratum or the substratum with the plants attached may be mobilised and so washing away the young Pelvetia plants. Pelvetia canaliculata is permanently attached to the substratum so once removed it cannot re-form an attachment. I think that these factors together helped create this gap in the histogram. The peaks of both histograms are very far apart. This shows that there is a significant difference between the lengths of Pelvetia canaliculata on both sites. This has even been proven further by the ÃŽtest, which showed 99% significance. However, there is quite an overlap between the two curves. This overlap is between 40.00-99.99 mm categories. This overlap could be explained by the similarity in the abiotic factors between the two sites. Also the exposed shore received more sunlight than the sheltered one, which was shaded by a cliff; this means that the Pelvetia canaliculata on the exposed shore were able to photosynthesis more. These factors could have enabled some fronds to have a faster growth rate than others and so became longer. Or it could be that on the exposed shore the wave action is greater and so spray will splash higher up the beach than on a sheltered shore with fewer waves and so this will provide more nutrients for the fronds to grow longer during some exposed p eriods. Although a bell curve pattern is recognised on the wave-sheltered site there are three identified anomalies. Firstly, the frequency of the histogram at category 90.00-99.99 mm would be expected to be lower than that of category 100.00-109.99 mm but at the same time higher than the frequency of 80.00-89.99 mm. One explanation for this anomaly could be due to smothering. If smothering took place when the plant was emersed the whole of the plant would be buried under the sediment preventing photosynthesis that is taking place very slowly in the first place. If smothering however happened while the plant was immersed, some of the fronds may escape smothering and be able to continue photosynthesis. This will still lower the growth rate and so fronds length. Another explanation is that within the same quadrat I measured the Pelvetia canaliculata that grew on both sides of the rock. It is expected that the length of the Pelvetia fronds growing on the side of the rock facing the direct waves action to be shorter than the other landward facing side. This is because the initial force exerted by the wave will be absorbed by the Pelvetia fronds growing on the sea-facing side of the rock; this will cause the fronds to be frequently broken off at the tips and so will make them shorter. On the other hand, the sheltered side of the rock is only getting wave force that has been weakened by the seaward facing side of the rock and so the fronds length will not be affected as much. To control this in future I will restrict myself to measuring the length of the Pelvetia fronds on only one side of the rock(sea/landward facing) to get fairer results. Another reason to explain the anomalies displayed on the histogram could be that the swollen reproductive fruiting bodies on some of the Pelvetia canaliculata added a few mm to the length. On the other hand it could be explained by intraspecific competition. The fronds in the 110.00-119.99 mm category could be shading and preventing the sunlight from reaching the fronds in the categories below it as they are longer; this means that less photosynthesis is taking place and hence slow growth rate and shorter fronds, in other words they will be out competed for light. The two measurements recorded at 160.00-169.99 mm could be an exception of over growth or mutation as from research Pelvetia is expected to grow no more than 150mm in length. On the other hand, this anomaly could also indicate that there might have been some errors happening while taking measurements. Even though I couldnt measure the sunlight intensity received by the Pelvetia canaliculata on both shores as the equipment required werent working, I observed that the wave-exposed shore received more sunlight then the sheltered one. This is because the wave-exposed shore has a southern aspect. However this slight difference in the light intensity received by the chlorophyll on the different shores can affect the growth rate; light is also an important factor in allowing good settlement of spores by stimulating the growth of rhizoids which anchor the young plant to the rock. This is reflected on the data collected from the wave-exposed showing the overlap with the wave-sheltered shores data. The humidity measured on both sites is quite similar with the wave-sheltered shore being very slightly more humid. This difference in humidity was only expected on the wave-exposed shore due to the wave action being greater and so spray will splash higher up adding to the air humidity than on the sheltered shore with much fewer, weaker waves. The explanation that I find convincing and convenient for the increased humidity on the wave-shelt

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An Examination of File-sharing on the Internet â€Å"Napster and its founder held the promise of everything the new medium of the Internet encompassed: youth, radical change and the free exchange of information. But youthful exuberance would soon give way to reality as the music industry placed a bull's-eye squarely on Napster.† I. Introduction Today the use of a computer has provided many privileges to its users, and among those privileges the main and largest one is the distribution of information across the internet. Through the internet, the average person has the ability to access millions of databases of information at no cost. This is the intent that the internet was founded on; that all people could come together to exchange ideas freely, without fear of rebuke or prosecution. However that time seems to be a small scratch on the long wall of history, for a few years ago a simple file-sharing program called Napster sprung up on the internet, and in doing so opened up a whole can of controversy . File-sharing became such a complicated issue as many files are, at their root, simply information. However that information has copyrights and ownership attached to it, a fact that cannot be overlooked by the world no matter how much they would like. Thus, those users around the world who choose to share files are now being pursued by huge corporations with ridiculous threats of a $15,000 fine per song downloaded (and they haven’t even began to pursue the infringements of movies or software yet). But are these companies justified in their actions? Does the basis for file-sharing really warrant such a harsh rebuttal? To determine this, let’s take a look at the long road that led us to the junction of chaos we now f... ...er Died, May 2002, Wired News, 16 Nov. 2003 . [vi] â€Å"Approaching Ethics† Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, Santa Clara University, 2000, 3, . [vii] File Sharing Software gets the Legal OK, 2001, Amplifier, 17 November 2003, . [viii] Grossman; Hasnain; Holton; Morrissey; Roston; Taylor; Chu. â€Å"IT’S ALL FREE!† Time. May 2003:18. [ix] Ernesto Damiani. â€Å"Managing and Sharing Servents' Reputations in P2P Systems,† IEEE Transactions on Knowledge & Data Engineering 15 (2003):1 [x] Berdichevsky & Neuenschwander, â€Å"Ethics of Persuasive Technology,† Communications of the ACM, 15 November 2003, .

Will Rogers Essay -- essays research papers

Will Rogers Not many people remember Will Rogers, but in the 1930's he was the most well known man in America -- more popular than Shirley Temple. He was a simple cowpoke who entertained people with his rope tricks and sly political observations. He also wrote a widely-read newspaper column and appeared on the raido every week. I supose he is alot like Bill Cosby is today: beloved for his down-to-earth style of humor. But that "aww, shucks" attitude hid a brilliant mind. Furthermore, Will Rogers was more than just a comedian; he was a man of character. Throughout his life, he exhibited the qualities of humility, fairness, generosity, and loyalty witch make him a real American hero. Will was born in Oklahoma and proud of it. The son of a rancher, he was a one quarter Cherokee and never missed an opportunity to brag about his Native American heritage. "My ancestors didn't come on the Mayflower," he used to joke, "but they met the boat." Will stayed true to his Cherokee roots; he went to an Indian school and had many Indian friends. Later he became active in Native-American issues and was a major spokesman for Native-American rights in the U.S. Above all,though, Will was a "regular guy." His shy grin, easy manner, and total absence of sham endeared to Americans of all backgrounds. He had no pretensions, and his pleasures were simple: he liked to ride horses, rope cattle, and read the papers. In fact he often said, "I only know wha...

Intention to create legal relation Essay

Just because there is an agreement between people, it does not signify that a contract exists. The creation of legal relations is a doctrine of the English contract law that is defined as an intention is to enter a legally binding agreement or contract. An agreement, which is defined as the meeting of minds with the acceptance and understanding of mutual legal rights and duties as to particular actions or accountability, is legally enforceable only if the contracting parties may be deemed by the court to have intended it. The intention to create legal relations is a vital principle of Contract Law. As A.W.B Simpson stated, this doctrine might date back to the landmark decision of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company in 1893, but however, it wasn’t in a firm position until 1919, after the case of Balfour v Balfour. Whether or not the parties intended to be legally bound to the contract is the doctrine’s main concern. Acknowledgement of the presence of domestic and social agreements to which parties do not mean to be legally bound has culminated in an assumption that, proportionately, no contract is recognized. Commercial transactions, however, are treated with a presumption that legal relations were intended. It is stated that in terms of general rules of family or domestic relations, there is no assumption to be bound legally. However, there are exceptions in which the presumption is rebuttable. For instance, Balfour v Balfour [1919] shows that the intention to create legal intentions is crucial for family and domestic relations. Both parties must intend that an agreement be legally binding in order to be an enforceable contract. Matters involving the daily life of husband and wife are not subject to contractual interpretation, even when consideration exists. Spouses habitually intend that the conditions of their agreements can be different as situations develop. The court held that it was assumed that an agreement was made by the parties as husband and wife and did not intend that it could be sued upon. The court held that as a matter of public policy, it could not resolve disagreements between spouses. There is a strong presumption in commercial agreements that the parties intend to be bound, and, unless there is very contrary evidence, the presumption will not be rebutted. In the case of Esso  Petroleum Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners, Lord Simon of Glaisdale stated that the whole agreement took place in a setting of business relations, and that general unacceptance to allow a commercial promoter to claim what he has done is a mere puff, not intended to create legal relations. The convention of such events is generally to promote the body offering the prize. As a result, there is a presumed intention to create legal relationships which is then binding on the parties and can be relied on by members of the public who enter the competition The intention to create legal relations is essential in creating a valid contract as it ensures both parties are willing to be bound by the terms of their agreement. When two parties are determined to enter a contract, their mentality will discern the subject matter of the contracts. This happens because of the ‘intention’ that the two parties have to be permitted to agree. If there is no agreement by both the parties, it may cause the contract to be an invalid agreement. The contract would not be enforceable, legal and binding if intention to create legal relations is non-existent. If there is no intention to create a legal relation, the contract can be presumed as not legal. Because of that, the contract could possibly be unenforceable as there is no intention to create legal relations at the beginning which makes the contracting parties to be legally binding. Another reason to why creating legal relations is important is so that the parties are able to sue each other when a dispute arises. With no intention to create legal relations, it may cause the contracting parties to not be legally binding and these circumstances may cause the contract enforceable. When the contract is enforceable, the contracting parties are unable to take charges against each other and this will spoil their business crisis; and this will cause the contracting parties difficulty to enquire their justice. Without the intention to create legal relations, the contract â€Å"formed† may become just a mere promise. Promise is defined as a declaration, verbal or written, made by one person to another for a good or valuable consideration  in the nature of a covenant by which the promisor binds himself to do some act, and gives to the promisee a legal right to demand and enforce a fulfilment. Promises arise when there is no intention to create legal relations.

Ganga River Pollution In India Environmental Sciences Essay

All of us have seen a river humongous or detailed, either commingleing by our town, or any(prenominal)place else. Rivers be zilch more than surface body of water fluxing complicate from a high ge atomic number 18r(prenominal) height to a lower height payable to the protract of gravitation. One river might h hoar its radical in a glacier, another in a spring or a lake. Rivers channelise change state minerals, constitutional compounds, gnomish grains of sand, crushed rock, and other stuff as they flow downstream. Rivers begin as niggling streams, which grow wider as sm exclusivelyer watercourse and rivers join them on their flesh crossways the land. Finally they flow into seas or oceans. alas some of the universe s study rivers argon to a great fulfilment bemire.AThe befoulment of environment is the gift of the industrial revolution. Prior to this the agricultural civilizations created important environmental impairment in the signifier of dump erosion- with defore position and all overgrazing. The environmental a ungenerousment is a by merchandise of new(a) elaboration.A in that respect has been a steady impairment in the tint of piss of Indian rivers over several decennaries. India s 14 major, 55 child and several hundred half-size rivers receive 1000000s of liters of toilet, industrial and agricultural snitchs. virtually of these rivers have been rendered to the compass saddle of cloaca fluxing drains. There be serious water supply musical note jobs in the headman citys, towns and small towns utilizing these Waterss. Water borne diseases ar rampant, piscaries atomic number 18 on diminution, and as yet cowss atomic number 18 non spared from the onslaught of befoulment.Harmonizing to World Wide store for Nature ( WWF ) five-spot rivers in Asia run over 870 billion tidy sum are among the almost threa decennaryed in the universe, as dikes, weewee extraction and clime conversion all take their toll.The aggroup, Indus, Yangtze, Salween-Nu and Mekong-Lancang rivers make up half of the WWF s top 10 most threatened river lavabos.India has a astronomical figure of rivers that are line of invigorations for the 1000000s populating along their Bankss. These rivers can be categorized into four-spot groups1.Rivers that flow down from the Himalayas and are supplied by runing snow and glaciers. This is why these are perennial, that is, they never dry up during the configuration.2. The Deccan Plateau Rivers, which see on rainfall for their piddle.3. The coastal rivers, peculiarly those on the West seashore, which are forwards long and do non go along water passim the twelvemonth.4. The rivers in the inland drainage basin of west Rajasthan, which depend on the rains. These rivers normally drain towards silt lakes or flux into the sand.River Ganga ( Ganges ) of India has been held in high require since groom immemorial and Hindis from all over the universe cherish the though t of a holy dip in the river chthonic the religion that by making so they will acquire rid of their wickednesss of life. more than than 400 gazillion people spirited along the Ganges River. An estimated 2,000,000 individuals ceremonially bathe daily in the river. Historically as well as, Ganga is the most of import river of the state and beyond precariousness is closely connected with the history of civilisation as can be detect from the location of the ancient chief citys of Hardwar, Prayag, Kashi and Patliputra at its entrust. To 1000000s of people it is upholder of life through mob of canal system and irrigation of the blowing burden. Hundreds of the small towns and even the large metropoliss depend for their imbibing piss on this river. It is believed, a fact which has as well been observed, that the H2O of Ganga neer decays even for months and old ages when H2O of other rivers and bureaus begins to develop bacteriums and Fungis indoors a cardinalsome of yearss. Th is self subtlety feature of Ganga is the key to the sanctity and worship of its H2O. The combination of bacteriophages and big populations of people clean in the river have seemingly produced a self-purification consequence, in which water-borne bacteriums much(prenominal) as dysentery and epidemic cholera are killed off, forestalling large-scale epidemics. The river besides has an unusual ability to retain change state O.With turning civilisation and population all over how long Ganga will retain its ego purification features notwithstanding clip can judge.A A A A A ABeginningsAThe Gangotri A Glacier, a huge sweep of ice five stat mis by 15, at the foothills of the Himalayas ( 14000 foot ) in mating Uttar Pradesh is the showtime of Bhagirathi, which joins with Alaknanda ( origins in pound(p)by ) to channelise Ganga at the cragged canyon-carved town of Devprayag. Interestingly, the beginnings of Indus and the Brahmaputra are besides geographically reasonably underweight the former goes through Himachal Pradesh and fans kayoed through Punjab and Sind ( Pakistan ) into the Arabian Sea. The latter classs for most of its vast length under various(a) name through Tibet/ china, neer far from the Nepal or Indian curbary lines, and so takes a crisp bend secretive the northeasterly tip of India, gathers momentum through Assam before fall ining the major watercourse of the Ganga approximative Dacca in Bangladesh to go the in grave order Padma, river of joy and grieve for much of Bangladesh. From Devprayag to the bay tree of Bengal and the vastA Sunderbans delta, the Ganga flows some 1550 stat mis, passing ( and giving life to ) some of the most thickly settled metropoliss of India, including Kanpur ( 2 million ) , Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna, and Calcutta ( 14 million ) .AThe largest feeder to the Ganga is the Ghaghara, which meets it before Patna, in Bihar, way much of the Himalayan glacier thaw from northerly Nepal. The Gandak, which comes from near Katmandu, is another large Himalayan feeder. Other of import rivers that merge with the Ganga are the password, which originates in the hills of Madhya Pradesh, the Gomti which flows yesteryear Lucknow.Previous WorkA figure of probes have been carried out on the physiochemical and biological characters of the Ganga. Lakshminarayana ( 1965 ) print a serial of documents describing the consequences of surveies carried out at Varanasi during the period mingled with March, 1957 and March, 1958. it was observed by him that the determine of the most of the parametric quantities decreased during showery term while no pronounced mutation was observed during winter time and summers.In the comparable twelvemonth Chakraborty et.al. ( 1965 ) from Kanpur reported the H2O quality of Ganga at J.K. Rayon s H2O consumption excite and at Golaghat and Bhairoghat pumping Stationss situated at the upriver of the river. It was concluded that the H2O quality irregular by bit deteriorated as it passes from Bhairoghat pumping station to the J.K. Rayon H2O consumption point in summers because in this stretch the river received waste Waterss from figure of gutter drains.A A twelvemonth subsequently Saxena et.al. ( 1966 ) made a systematic study of the chemical valuate of Ganga at Kanpur. Harmonizing to the lot, the biological O demand, i.e. B.O.D. vary from 5.3ppm ( lower marches ) in winter to 16.0ppm ( upper limit ) in summer. The chloride ranged surrounded by 9.2 and 12.7 ppm and the river was institute to be alkalic in nature ask out in showery season. He concluded that the tanneries significantly increase the befoulment burden of river as they disgrace immense sums of wastewaters incorporating organic wastes and soggy metals. It was boost reported that 40 five tanneries, ten fabric Millss and several other industrial units complete 37.15 million gallon per twenty-four hours of waste H2O bring forthing mannequin burden of rough 61630 Kg/day. later o n Agarwal et.al. ( 1976 ) studied the bacteriological population of the river H2O and concluded that add-on of untreated waste and sewerage was responsible for the presence of infective worlds presenting menace to the occupants of the Varanasi metropolis.Hydrobiological characteristics of the river Ganga was studied by A Pahwa and Mehrotra ( 1966 ) . The writers studied a stretch of 1090 kilometer. of river Ganga rig from Kanpur in West to Rajmahal, in Jharkhand body politic, in the E. They reported that the turbidness was maximal ( 1100-2170 ppm ) in monsoon and lower limit ( less than100 ppm ) during January to June. The pH of the river H2O ranged between 7.45 ( lower limit ) during June to August and 8.30 ( upper limit ) during January to May. The dissolved O, i.e. D.O. count ranged from 5.0 to 10.5 ppm with maximal values during January and February. part the minimal values were recorded in monsoon.Bhargava ( 1982 ) in a study of integral length of the river Ganga base tha t quality index number was far above the prescribed bound at Kanpur. He farther found that the Ganga H2O was holding remarkably abstain renewing capacity by imparting down B.O.D. owing to the presence of big sum of good adopted microorganism. Harmonizing to the look for Ganga is rich in polymers excreted by assorted species of bacteriums. These polymers being first-class coagulators take turbidness by curdling, puting the suspended atoms at the sewerage discharge point.At the 1981 session of Indian Science Congress at Varanasi, scientists verbalized concern at the turning pollution in the river Ganga in presence of the so Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi who inaugurated the session. At her case, Dr. M.S. Swaminathan, the so member, Planning Commission asked the Central calling card for Preventation and go through of Water Pollution, New Delhi to carry on surveies on the province of the river Ganga. In coaction with the State Pollution Control come alongs of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal and the Centre for survey of Man and surround Kolkata ( Calcutta ) , surveies were conducted on the Sources of pollution including all gay activities, land employment form and H2O quality of the river at selected sites during 1981-82 and study authorize Basin, sub-basin stock list of H2O pollution in the Ganga basin part-II was published in 1984. harmonizing to this study sewerage of 27 household I metropoliss and towns and wastewaters from 137 major industries were the chief beginning of pollution of the river. In add-on cremation of unused human organic structures and dumping of carcases aggrevated the pollution of the river.It was Chandra ( 1981 ) who conducted surveies on the pollution position of river Ganga at Allahabad, pointed out that industries fabricating nitrogen-bearing fertilisers have important wreak in fouling the river water.A accept carried out in 1986-87 on physico-chemical belongingss of river Ganga H2O at Buxar ( Unnao ) understandably revealed that extent of pollution varied in different seasons. Normally all the 23 parametric quantities studied showed high values in summer and lower during monsoons except turbidness which was high in rainy season. Valuess of BOD, COD, DO and H2S were recorded high than the allowance account bounds.Survey on H2O quality of river Ganga at Kalakankar ( Pratapgarh in Uttar Pradesh ) revealed that even at such a distant and peaceful topographic point like Kalakankar the river H2O was non safe for imbibing and bathing. It was besides notable that the river showed an alkaline tendency throughout the class of survey.Harmonizing to the research make by Mehrotra ( 1990 ) , the assorted beginnings responsible for pollution of the river in Varanasi metropolis are domestic sewerage wastewaters of the industries, electrocution of dead organic structures at the ghats, usage of detergents, insect powders and pesticides used in agribusiness. Study revealed the presence of virulent metals l ikeA hectogram ( 65 to 520ppb ) , Lead ( less than 10 to 800 ppm ) , Cr ( less than 10 to 200 ppm ) and atomic number 28 ( less than 10 to 130 ppm ) in the amazes of Ganga river at Varanasi city.A A A upriver from Varanasi, one of the major pilgrims journey sites along the river, the H2O is relatively pure, holding a lowA Biochemical O demandA and faecal coliform count. Surveies conducted in 1983 on H2O samples taken from the unspoilt bank of the Ganga at Patna confirm thatA escheria coliA ( E.Coli. ) , faecal streptococcus and vibrio cholerae beings die two to three times faster in the Ganga than in H2O taken from the rivers Son and Gandak and from dug Wellss and tubing Wellss in the same country.The chemical pollution of the river Ganga in Patna metropolis in Bihar province has been found roughly dismaying beside the encounter drain, particularly in the parts like Rajapur, Mandiri and Krishnaghat.Harmonizing to the study published in a book by Mr. U.K. Sinha ( 1986 ) , the parsimoniousness of Fe is higher in deposits collected from 10 meters along the bank at Mandiri part. The engrossment of all the toxic metals i.e Cu, Zn, Ni and Co are higher in all the deposits collected from near the storm drain and diminishes towards mid-region of the river. The concentration of Zn is highest in the deposits collected from near the Mandiri storm drain, Antaghat storm drain and Krishnaghat storm drain.The concentration of Cu is highest in the deposits collected from near the Krishnaghat storm drain proposing the presence Cu due to utensil work being done in Thatheri Bazar and infirmary wastes besides, said study.Present state of affairsFor some clip now, this romantic position of the Ganges has collided with India s inexorable worlds. During the past three decennaries, the state s explosive emergence ( at about 1.2 billion people, India s population is 2nd merely to China s ) , industrialisation and rapid urbanization have put dogged force per unit area on th e sacral watercourse.AGanga, the most sacred of rivers for Hindus, has sustain polluted for some old ages now. But a recent survey by Uttarakhand milieu Conservation and Pollution Control Board says that the dot of pollution in the holy place river has reached dismaying proportions.AThingss have come to such a base on balls that the Ganga H2O is at present non fit merely for imbibing and bathing but has become unserviceable even for agricultural intents.As per the UECPCB survey, while the course of coliform nowadays in H2O should be below 50 for imbibing intents, less than 500 for bathing and below 5000 for agricultural use-the present degree of coliform in Ganga at Haridwar has reached 5500.ABased on the degree of coliform, dissolved O and biochemical O, the survey put the H2O in A, B, C and D classs. While A class is considered tantrum for imbibing, B for bathing, C for agribusiness and D is for inordinate pollution degree.ASince the Ganga Waterss at Haridwar have more than 5000 coliform and even the degree of dissolved O and biochemical O does nt conform the prescribed criterions, it has been put in the D class.AHarmonizing to the survey, the chief cause of high degree of coliform in Ganga is due to giving medication of human fecal matters, urine and sewer straight into the river from its get downing point in Gaumukh till it reaches Haridwar via Rishikesh.AAbout 89 million liters of sewerage is daily disposed into Ganga from the 12 municipal towns that fall along its course of instruction boulder clay Haridwar. The sum of sewerage disposed into the river increases during the Char Dham Yatra season when about 15 lakh pilgrims visit the province between May and October each twelvemonth.AApart from sewerage disposal of half-burnt human organic structures at Haridwar and risky medical waste from the base infirmary at Srinagar due to absence seizure of an incinerator are besides adding to pollution degrees in the Ganga.AThe consequence has been the gradu al violent close of one of India s most cherished resources. One stretch of the Yamuna River, the Ganges chief feeder, has been devoid of all aquatic animals for at least a decennary.AIn Varanasi, India s most sacred metropolis, the coliform bacterial count is at least 3,000 times higher than the threadbare established as safe by the United Nations universe Health A Organization.A A ColiformA are bacillar bacteriums that are usually found in the colons of worlds and quick beings and go a serious pollution when found in the nutrient or H2O supply.AA survey by environmental Biology Laboratory, Department pf Zoology, Patna University, showed the presence of hydrargyrum in the Ganga river in Varanasi metropolis. Harmonizing to the survey, one-year bonnie concentration of fickle in the river H2O was 0.00023 ppm. The concentration ranged from NT ( non traceable ) to 0.00191 ppm.Study done by Indian Toxicological question Centre ( ITRC ) , Lucknow during 1986-1992 showed maximal one-year concentration of quicksilver in the Ganga river H2O at Rishikesh, Allahabad territory and Dakshineswar as 0.081, 0.043 and 0.012 ppb severally.AGanga river at Varanasi was found good within the maximal permissible criterion of 0.001 ppm prescribed for imbibing H2O by the World Health Organization.The quicksilver studied in the Ganga river could be traced in biotic every bit good as abiotic constituents of the river at the survey site. The Hindu fans take bath in the river where quicksilver was detected in 28 % , 44 % ,75 % , 96 % , 42 % and 89 % of the river H2O, deposit, benthonic zoology, fish, dirt and flora samples severally.AThough mercury buy of the river H2O has non reached an alarming extent, its presence in the river system is unreassuring. In the survey one-year average concentration of the metal in the deposits was 0.067 ppm. Sediments constitute a major family of quicksilver in fresh H2O.AAs Ganga enters the Varanasi metropolis, Hinduism s sacred river contai ns 60,000 fecal coliform bacteriums per 100 milliliters, long hundred times more than is considered safe for bathing. quartet stat mis downriver, with inputs from 24 spurting cloacas and 60,000 pilgrim-bathers, the concentration is 3,000 times over the safety bound. In topographic points, the Ganges becomes black and infected. Cadavers, of semi-cremated grownups or enshrouded babes, pulse easy by.AThe tannery industry mushrooming in North India has converted the Ganga River into a dumping land. The whipstitching industry discharges different types of waste into the environment, chiefly in the signifier of liquid wastewaters incorporating organic affairs, Cr, sulphide ammonium and other salts. As per an estimation, approximately 80-90 % of the tanneries use Cr as a tanning agent. Of this, the fells take up merely 50-70 % , while the remainder is discharged as wastewater. Pollution becomes acute when tanneries are concentrated in bunchs in little country like Kanpur. Consequently, the Leather-tanning sector is include in the Red class of industries due to the possible inauspicious environmental usurpation caused by tannery wastes.AHighly contaminated deposits are adversely impacting the ecological operation of rivers due to heavy metal mobilisation from urban countries into biosphere. dispersion of heavy metals in deposits of the river Ganga and its feeders have been carried out by several workers. Monitoring of Ganga River from Rishikesh to Varanasi indicated that Kannauj to Kanpur and Varanasi are the most contaminated stretches of the river Ganga. Analysis of upriver and down stream H2O and deposit revealed a 10-fold addition in chromium degree.A

Ranbaxy Case Project Essay

Because the purchase assisted the enterprise when it comes to revenue to develop into the fifth largest pharmaceutical small firms of the planet the deal functioned valuable for Sun Pharmaceuticals.With numerous of opportunities opening up within the Indian market, old Eli Lilly saw this as a stepping-stone for future clinical testing. Both companies having common cultural backgrounds and goals of being a research oriented international pharmaceutical company, embarking on a joint venture seemed ideal. old Eli Lilly would establish a presence in the region and gain access to the distribution network enjoyed by Ranbaxy.Furthermore, this JV would result in lower costs in production as well as basic research, which are considerable factors in their broad strategy.Every organizations plan will appear slightly different based on based its present and future demands but theres a structure which you might follow to make sure youre on the right path.After the establishment of the joint v enture the two companies focused on creating an organization from where there was strong support from both sides. Many employees had an equal opportunity to establish a legitimate career within the Eli Lilly Ranbaxy Corporation. Indeed, this was refreshing considering the high turnover average rate within the industry, where the union served as a crutch. Within a year after building the infrastructure from the ground up, the JV was able to launch different products and had more than 200 employees.

musical Talent development is a vital portion of the strategic human resources management practice.Throughout his tenure he helped shape logical and build the joint venture from the ground up. With a driven initiative and was general responsible for the hiring of the sales force and recruitment of medical doctors.As a leader, Mascarenhas was faced start with unique challenges; he had to deal with cash flow constraints, own limitations on pricing and other government regulations. Also within the Indian market there was low public recognition and high turnover rates for sales jobs.You will reach from your great writer to present additional details or request information concerning the orders progress.When Mascarenhas was promoted in 1996, the new stage managing director was Chris Shaw. Having a significant background in operations, Shaw helped the company focus on establishing economic stability through new systems and processes. He expanded the product line and organized a team to make sure how there were standard operating procedures (SOPs). These procedures would help the joint venture maintain a productive flow.

Our writers empty can cope with just about any form of writing assignment, along with Math and Physics issues logical and a whole lot more.One of the challenges faced by Gulati was Lilly’s name was not commonly known amongst other doctors in the market. Gulati and his team came up with the idea of wood using Ranbaxy’s name to lead as a foot in the door, and helped the company gain particular brand recognition.Also Gulati faced the challenge of trying to distribute a product that was already being sold amongst manufacturers. Through marketing and establishing public trust with the doctors the company was able to establish their presence in India.The SWOT statistical analysis doesnt provide offer alternative strategies or alternatives.Overall the performance of the IJV was a success. Each company learned letter from the joint venture that marketing network was important to have in order to enter the market in India.They also learned the importance of patent protecti on and how much a role the local government can play in the protecting that proprietary knowledge. A patent is needed in order to price their products, and to protect their innovation for a certain time.

Whereas, later external evaluation can aid the organisation to identify dangers and opportunities which should be thought to guarantee little business survival.Overall Eli Lilly Ranbaxy gained vital cooperation and communication amongst each other. Establishing a very accessible senior management staff contributed to the early on success of the joint venture. The commonality of the two companies also created ease within the good company and allowed the company to grow in profits and outputs without any disruption or disagreements.Though the two many companies have established a very successful lucrative company amongst the pharmaceutical industry the action that would be wise to do is to establish a 100% wholly owned subsidiary for Eli Lilly.The business isnt a pay master in that business.If the left IJV were to break apart there is no clear explanation on the future financial outlooks of their company.Furthermore, it best can create an unforeseen competition. However, it would allow each company to focus on their own agendas and it would also inject much needed cash flow for Ranbaxy and allow them to concentrate on the generic market. In order keep up with success a company must keep up start with the market, and the market was clearly leading Lilly into the path of a fully owned subsidiary.

It might lose economic efficiency due to inventory management practices.Employees are valuable and they handled with respect.Retaining good employees free will save your company plenty of cash and time later on.Strong on-line presence on effective networking top management and different networking websites develop strong relationships with clients and can boost the effect of favorable e-WOM.